For consent to be valid it must be both:

• A. Informed and specific
• B. Informed and voluntary
• C. Specific and voluntary
• D. Informed only

Answer: (A)

Valid consent hinges on understanding and specificity. The patient must be informed about what will happen, including the purpose, steps, risks, benefits, and any alternatives, so they can make a real and educated choice. At the same time, the consent must be specific to the exact procedure being proposed—it's not enough to approve “treatment” in general. It should clearly describe the exact intervention, the area involved, and the scope of work to be carried out. This combination protects the patient’s autonomy and ensures everyone is clear about what is being approved. In practice, this means you obtain consent only after proper information is given, and you document that the patient agrees to the specific procedure planned.